The Kambojas, parts of Indo-Aryan tribes, came from Central Asia: Gandharans, Sakas, Kinnaras, Scythians etc and settled in the northern east satrapies of the Achaemenid empire: Sogdiana, Marigiana, Gandhara, Bactria etc.

These Kshatriya tribes, of various clans, are Vedic Indo-Aryans  without Brahmins are called Chandravansha (Lunar race) opposing to Surysvansha (Solar race, of Ikshvaku dynasty of the Manusmrity). They skilled for their warrior art and cavalry until figurated as centaurs (kimpurushas). They opposed a furious resistance against Alexander and resist Achaemenid Empire and began their slow migration to the south. They colonized numerous regions, in two main directions.

The eastern Kambojas follow the Ganga valley to Bengal as mercenary armies of Chandragupta Maurya and settle in Mathura. The western Kambojas settles in various places Rajasthan, Gujarat, Marashtra and go down to Punjab to Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka and then to Indonesia and the Mekong delta.

The Kambojas bring their Vedic civilization mixed of the Hindu influences of the regions during their colonization and slow progression around first century BC and their people create the Mahajanapadas.

The epics of the Puranas in Hindu mythology narrate the fierce war between the goddess Durga and the demonic clans of Asuras including Kambojas (Kambu). This title applies for conflicts or war between Aryanised Brahmins (Solar race) and Aryanised non-Brahmins (Lunar race, the Iranians worshipping Ahura Mazda and Mithra, the Zorastrians).

Initially Zoroastrians at the Achaemenid era, their religions practice has evolve, under the Sassanid and Parthian empires, into the Zurvanism, Zoroastrian worship of a lion-headed creator deity, and the teachings of the prophet Mani diffused in the northern India at the beginning of 3^rd century AC.

The Manicheism, (explains the fight of the light and the darkness in the soul of the believers) brought through silk roads at the time of Kushan empire, and this doctrine spreads in the historic satrapies of the Kambojas. Some clans of Kambojas get brahmanised and shaivised.

Magi, Vedic priests, become Surydhwaja Brahmins, devotees of the Sun deity, and encourage building Sun temples in Kashmir, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa, where the wheel symbolizes the Sun.

Indo-Iranian Kambojas settled in Mathura and Bengal and they associate with the Brahmin Shunga rulers.

Sun armed goddess Durga first appeared during the Shunga era. Durga is fightining against the Asuras becomes the favorite goddess of the Chandravansa dynasties of Kambojas, wearing the Moon as main symbol.

Chandragupta I and his son Samudra Gupta (335-380AC) campaign mainly against the Kamboja rulers, rajputs of reigns.

Samudra Gupta defeats and repels the Indi-Scythians from Mathura and annexes Bengal, Assam and Nepal and pushes his conquest to the north against the rajputs Sakas of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, then, Rajasthan, Punjab, Kashmir, Orissa, Tamil-Nadu.

In that period, Kashatriya clans repelled from Southern India and go into exile in the Indonesian archipelago and Funan kingdom. In 357, the Indo-Scythian T’ien-tchou tcham-t’an found an Indo-Scythian dynasty in Funan.

The Kambojas migrate to Sumatra and Java, the Malay peninsula.(Thailand (Nakhon Si Tammarat), the Mekong delta, Vietnam).They bring their Vedic culture and their brahmanic idols.

The Solar gods Surya and Durga radiate in southern-east Asia, beside Shiva and Indra, in the kingdoms founded for Funan by the Brahman Kaundinya (Hun T’ien) arrived from India.

The Amyrgians were a tribe of the Scythians Saka, named for their king Amorges not to be puzzled with Amorges, son of Pissunthnes leader of a Carian rebellion in 413 BC.

They are likely the Saka haumavarga ‘Homa worshipping Scythians’ of the Behistun inscription (Bisitun or Bisutun, old Persian Bhapasthana, meaning the God’s place or land located on Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran. It is a multi-lingual inscription).

According to Herodotus, Cyrus, who took Amorges prisoner, conquered the Amyrgians. The wife of Amorges, Sparethra, collected an army of 300000 men and 200000 women, made war upon Cyrus, taking as prisoners Parmises, the brother of Amytis and his three sons, who were subsequently released in exchange for Amorges. Cyrus’s good treatment of Amorges prompted the Saka to submit to the Persians. Amorges or Thambradas went with Cyrus to Lydia.

The Amyrgians fought under Cyrus in the battle of Thymbra of 547 BC. The battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of the Lydian Empire against Cyrus the Great in the first months of 547 BC. Cyrus, having pursued Croesus into Lydia following the drawn, battle of Pteria met the remains of Croesus’ party disbanded army in the battle on the plain north of Sardis. Even though Croesus’ army was reinforced with many new men, Cyrus utterly defeated it, despite being outnumbered more or less 2:1. This proved deceive, and after 14 days siege of Sardis, the city and possibly its king fell and the Persians conquered Lydia.

The epics of Puranas, Ramayanas, Mahabharata in Hindu mythology are to some extent true for its (i) Characters’ names in genealogically though overlapped again and again into different epics, (ii) Bases of the stories though fairy tale and colorful in many areas and the places of event were not in India except partition/ migration of genetic North and South India at the old age of Dhritarashtra. This partition story became voluminous by adding Puranas (old events that happened in the world from the creation onwards). Ramayana (story of ‘Isin’ dynasty of Sumer), and Mahabharata (Uruk-Aratta war, shown in also in Tower of Babel, Assurs’ power and demolition) in a distorted version as usual in course of time from the early  ancestors to their lineages (Aryans/ Dravidians) in the Gangetic plans from around the 7^th century BC when the stories were written by the followers. The same earlier events were also written into the different parts of the world by the lineages of polytheistic groups from their ancestors as per their version in distorted with colorful forms. If we trace back the history of Assyrians, Medians, Lydians, Persian and Sumerian story Enlil and Enki, we can easily identify the background of ‘Mahishasuramardini’ and the ‘Mahabharata’.  Asura/ Assyrian came from the ancestry    of Enlil/ Brahma/ Shem/ elder R1(M-173) haplogroup as discussed later. Most of the Gods, demigods, came from the ancestry of Enki/ Vishnu/ Ham/ younger R1 (M-173) haplogroup migrated from Ukraine or Southern Russia was brother of Enlil, and the lineages came from direct of Enki or through Dumuji/ Siva/ Japheth. Many important God also came from Enlil. Assur (lineages from Shem/ Brahma/ Enlil) vs Durga (lineages of Dur/  Indra/ Vishnu/ Enki) as discussed in my later chapter, the goddess figured slaying the buffalo demon…….

Mardini i.e destructed by the Medes, Lydians and earlier Persians from 9^th c.bc.

The Median king Cyaxares, son of Phraortes (Indian version Shantanu), grandson of Deiokes (Indian version Kuru) with the help of Nabopolassar, the Babylonian king finally destroyed the Assyrian Ninevah of Nimrud II at 612 BC.

The alliance came from marriage of Cyaxares daughter, Amytis with Nebopolassar’s son, Nebuchadnezzer II, the king who constructed the Hanging gardens of Babylon as a present for his median wife to help with her homesickness for the mountainous country of her birth. After this victory, the Medes conquered northern Mesopotamia, Armenia and the parts of Asia Minor east of the Hallys River, which was the border established with Lydia after decisive battle between Lydia (Alyattes II) and Media, the battle of Halys ended after a five years war with an eclipse on May 28; 585 BC, and an alliance made by marriage of Alyattes II’s daughter Aryenis with Astyages, son of Cyaxares. They who brought the peace between them were Syennesis the Kilikian (Indian version decorated in epics as Lord Krishna?) and Labynetos the Babylonian. The last Hittite king Ushiwater or Vichitravirya (Indian) was the son of Phraortes/ Shantanu, grandson of Deikos/ Kuru, who at first dealt well with the nomad Scythians, being suppliants for his protection and esteeming them very highly, he delivered boys to them to learn their speech and the art  of shooting  with the bow. Ushiwater/ Vichitravirya was the brother of Cyaxares. The son of Vichitravirya saw the separation, migration and hostile migration for the portion of Gangetic north and south India at his old age. The story of Mahabharata or Bharata war fabricated from Haly’s war at 585 BC and also copied from composition of Sudas battle hymns in Uruk-Aratta war and later copied in Hebrew Bible as Tower of Babel incident for separations of fifteen protoplast tribes into sixteen nations around 610 BC. Other players Pandava represented as winner of Bharata war. Five brothers were copied from the great five sons of Haryvashya, the great sea king at Indus-Valley.

The migration and some violence occurred between the new and existence peoples    supported by two leaders/ brothers as Pandu’s sons and sons of Dhritarashtra/ Risti-vigu for their settlement as new comers in Gangetic northern India and pushed down to southern India some of the existing peoples who were unable to intermingled/ adjust with the new comers.

So we find the collisions and thus related stories depicted by the Aryans lineages in Indian Gangetic plans in distorted form as occurred usually generations one after another and also portrayed in various epics, myths throughout the different parts of the world. The collisions or war started from 9^th century BC to the end of Halys war in 585 BC. They players in Medians parts were from Deiokes to Astyages and in Lydians parts were Croesus, son of Alyattes II, grandson of Sadyattes at his capital Sardis, great grandson of Ardys II/ Ardysus II who was son of Gyges who murdered Candaules/Myrsilus son of Meles in 733 BC and became husband of Candaules’s widow. On the other hand the Assyrians kings/rulers were chronologically as before 14^th century BC, Tudija, Adamu, Janqi, Sahlamu, Harharu, Mandaru, Imu, Harsu, Didanu, Hanu, Zuabu, Nuabu, Abazu, Belu, Azarah, Uspija, Apiasal, Aminu son of Ilu-Kabkabu, Ila-Kabkabi of Yazkur-el, Jazkur –ilu of Yakmeni, Jakmeni of Yakmesi, Jakmesi of Ilu-Mer, Ilu-Mer of Hayani, Hazanu of Samani, Samanu of Hale, Hale of Apiasal, Apaisal of Uspia, Sulilison of Aminu, Kikkija, Akija, Puzur-Assur I , Salim-ahum, Ilusuma, Erisum I son of Ilusuma, Ikunum son of Erishu, Sargon I son of Ikunu, Puzur –Assur II son of Sargon, Naram-Sin son of Puzur-Assur, Erisum son of Naram-Sin, Samsi-Adad son of Ila-Kabkabi, Isme-Dagan son of Samsi-Adad, Assur-Dugal, Assur-apla-idi, Nasir Sin, Sin-namir, Ipqi-Istar, Adad-Salulu, Adasi, Belu-bani son of Adasi, Libaja son of Belu-bani, Sarma-Adad I son of Libaja, Iptar-Sin son of Sarma-Adad, Bazaja son of Iptar-Sin, Lulla, Lullaza, Su-Ninua son of Bazaja, Sarma-Adad II son of Su-Ninua, Erisum III son of Su-Ninua, Samsi-Adad II son of Erisum, Isme-Dagan II son of Samsi-Adad, Samsi-Adad III son of Isme-Dagan or Su-Ninua, Assur-nirari I son of Isme-Dagan, Puzur-Assur III son of Assur-nirari, Enlil-nasir I  son of Puzur-Assur, Nur-ili son of Enlil-Nasir, Assur –Saduni son of Nur-ili, Assur-rabi I  son of Enlil-nasir, Assur-nadin-ahhe I  son of Assur-rabi.

After 14^th century BC to 10^th century BC, Enlil-nasir, Assur-nirari II son of Enlil-nasir, Assur-bel-nisesu son of Assur-nirari, Assur-rem-nisesu son of Assur-bel-nisesu, Assur-nadin-ahhe son of Assur-rem-nisesu, Eriba-Adad I son of Assur-bel-nisesu, Assur-uballit son of Eriba-Adad, Enlil-nirari son of Assur-Uballit,

Arik-den-ili son of Enlil-nirari, Adad-nirari I son of Arik-dess-ili, Salmaneser I son of Adad-nirari, Tukulti-ninurta I son of Salmanesar, Assur-nadin-apli son of Tukulti-ninurta, Assur-nirari III son of Assur-nadin-apli, Enlil-Kudurri-usur son of Tukulti-ninurta, Ninurta-apli-Ekur son of Ila-Hadda, Assur-dan I son of Assur-nadin-apli, Ninurta-tukulti-Assur son of Assur-dan, Mutakkil-Nusku, Assur-res-isi I son of Mutakkil-Nusku, Tiglath-pileser I son of Assur-res-isi, Asarid-apil-Ekur son of Tiglath-Pileser, Assur-bel-kala son of Tiglath-Pileser, Eriba-Adad II son of Assur-bel-kala, Samsi-Adad son of Tiglath-Pileser, Assurnasirpal I son Samsi-Adad, Salmanesar II son of Assurnasirpal, Assur-nirari IV son of Salmaneser, Assur-rabi II son of Assurnasirpal, Assur-res-isi II son of Assur-rabi, Tiglath-pileser II son of Assur-res-isi, Assur-dan II son of Tiglath-Pileser, Adad-nirari II son of Assur-dan, Tukulti-Ninurta II son of Adad-nirari, Assur-nasirpal II son of Tukulti-Ninurta, Salmanesar III son of Assurnasirpal, Samsi-Adad V son of Salmanesar, Adad-nirari III son of Samsi-Adad, Salmanesar IV son of Adad-nirari, Assurdan III son of Salmaneser, Assur-nirari V son of Adad-nirari, Tiglath-Pileser III son of Assur-nirari, Salmaneser V son of Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Assurbanipal, Assur-etel-ilani, Sin- Sumu-lisir, Sin-Sar-iskun, Assur-Uballit II.

The Hittites were ruled the central Anatolian kingdom of Hatti from C 1900-800 BCE. The Hittites were to the north of the Euphrates and the Mitanni to the south. Their deities were Indra, Mitra, Varuna etc. The land of the Hittites was Katpatuka (Cappadocia) during Persian, Achaemenian times 675-330 BCE. The Magi of Cappadocia had      Pyraetheia (five-houses). Katpatuke/ Cappadocia could have been extended to Ranghya, the sixteenth and last Aryan land in the Vendidad, the last land mentioned before the Avestan canon was closed. They ruled the city Kussara in southeastern Anatolia somewhere between Neas (Central Turkey today) and Aleppo (Northern Syria). King Pithana, was based in Kussara, conquered the town Nesa/ Nesha, near present-day Kayseri in Central Turkey. Shortly after 1800 BCE Pithana’s son Anitta captured       Hattusa, near present-day Bogazkale/Bogazkoy in north-central Turkey. The Hittite king Labarna/Tabarna (1680-1650 BCE) grew Hittite Kingdom rapidly in size. The dynasty was chronicled in the proclamation of Telepnus (1525-1500 BCE). Labarna II/ Hattusili I           (1650-1620 BCE) successor of Labarna continued to consolidate the kingdom as            well as a dynastic line. Hattusili’s successor (adapted son or grandson?), Murusili I (1620-1590 BCE) further extended by conquering Aleppo (Halab today) in Assyria, and then went on to raid, but not rule, Babylon 1595 BCE. The consolidation and expansion of the Hittite kingdom into an empire (1400-1180 BCE) took place during the reign of prince Suppiluliuma (1380-1346 BCE). By defeating the Mitanni king Tusratta, he installed his Mitanni ally prince Shattiwaza, who had fled Mitanni and sought sanctuary in Hitti. The two kings concluded a treaty (1380 BCE), Suppiluliuma- Shattiwaza treaty, the result of which gave Suppiluliuma control over various Mitanni vassal states including parts of Assyria with his acquisition of Assyrian lands. Hattusa’s empire now rivaled the power of Egypt under Pharaoh Amenhotep IV or Akhenaton, as well as that of Babylonia and Assyria. During the 15^th and 14^th centuries BCE, subsequent Hittite kings extended the extent of their empire westward to the Aegean Sea, eastward into Armenia, southeastward into upper Mesopotamia and southward as far as the mouth of Litani River (a territory known as Amqu) in present-day Lebanon.

The Hittite king Hattusili III (1289-1265 BCE) concluded a treaty of peace and alliance with Egyptian pharaoh Ramses and gave Ramses his daughter in marriage. In 1200, BCE the Hittite empire fell to invaders called the sea peoples in Egyptian records, and shrank to collection of Neo-Hittite city-states such as Carchemish and Milid (present-day Malatya). The Hittites may have been immigrants to the land of Hatti, they peacefully adapted to the language, custom and religion of the aboriginal Hattians.

The Hurrians were migrants to the upper Euphrates and Habur basin from the Elburz Mountains east across the Tauras Mountains from about 2300 BCE onwards.

The principle ancient cities in the upper Tigris/ Euphrates valleys were Khorsabad, Nimrud, and Ninevah. The two rivers originate in the Tauras Mountain (in Eastern Turkey today). The Tigris and Euphrates are fed by the melting snows of the Tauras Mountains (to the northwest of modern Turkey) and Zagross (in the northwest of Iran) within the Tauras is Lake Van, the land around which was once home to the ancient nation of Uratu. In this section, the possible links between the name, English Euphrates and the Akkadian Parattu and Avestan peretu. The same holds true for Uratu.

In the Bundahishnu, a middle Persian Zoroastrian text, the largest of the earth’s seven continents is called Khvaniratha. In the eastern part of Khvaniratha flowed the river Vanguhi Daitya, a river of Airyana Vaeja the Aryan homeland. In the western part flowed the river Rangha. What this observation tells us is that Airyana Vaeja laid to the east of the Vendidad nations, while Rangha, both the eponymous river and the surrounding land, and lay to the west. In turn, the river Rangha is identified with the Tigris and /or the Euphrates. The land Rangha would have referred to the northern Tigris and Euphrates basins. However, the river could also have been the Kizilirmak (Halys) River, which ran through Hatti, the predecessor to Cappadocia. Both the Euphrates and the Halys have at some point formed western boundaries for the Persian empires. The extent of Ranghy could have included Lake Van in the east.

So, the so-called Aryans’ migrations and intermixing with the Sumerians (the first phase’s migrators) in the second phases chronicled as:

Hittites 1900-800 BCE, Mitanni 1475-1275 BCE, Babylonian Kassites 1750-1155 BCE, Uratu 860-585 BCE, Mannai 860-650 BCE, Media 800-550 BCE, Phrygia 750-585 BCE, Achaemenian Persia 550-330 BCE, Mithradatid Pontus 400-63 BCE.

Cappadocia or the ancient Hittite kingdom was in the land of the Hati west of the upper Euphrates (today Central Turkey). Ranghaya could also have included Uratu around Lake Van, and the Mitanni kingdom in the land of the Hurrians located southwest of Lake Van.

In C.1400 BCE, a Mitanni king entered into a peace treaty with the neighboring Hittite king. The peace treaty, which was recorded in rock inscriptions and carvings, invoked Indo-Iranian gods: Asuras, Varuna and Mitra as well as devas Indra and the Nasatyas. During Persian Achaemenian times (675-330 BCE), these lands would have been called Katpatuka (Cappadocia), parts of Armina (Armenia) around Lake Van, and Northern Athurâ (Assyria). After the destruction of the Persian Achaemenian Empire by Alexander of Macedonia and the subsequent fall of the Macedonian Seleucid rule in the mid 100s BCE, several independent Aryan related kingdoms emerged in Asia Minor. Among these were kingdoms of Pontus, Phrygia, and Cilicia – kingdoms of special interest of Mithraism and its spread westward.

The first phase of Zoroastrian history is defined by the history of Aryans in the sixteen lands or nations listed in the Zoroastrian scripture, the Avesta’s book of Vendidad. The last of the sixteen lands mentioned in the Vendidad is Ranghaya. The first phase of Zoroastrian history was a history centred on Airyana Vaeja, the Central Asian home land of Aryans and the birthplace of Zarathushtra.

Ranghaya is identified in middle Persian commentary as Rangha, the Western lands. Middle Persian writers as well as the poet Ferdowsi called these Western lands Arvastani Rum meaning Eastern Rome.

Since at the time of they wrote their texts, Rangha had become part of the eastern Roman Empire. Around the tenth century BCE, Arvastani Rum would have included lands we know today as Turkey, northern Iraq and Syria.

The legends contained in the poet Ferdowsi’s epic the Shahnameh or Books of Kings, include stories about expeditions launched west from the Iranian Aryan land of Airan – at that time centred in Balkh – into the southern and south-west Caspions of Mazandaram (Avestan Varenam/Varena) and Azerbaijan.